Articles - Diabetes

A collection of peer-reviewed articles that provide insights into the latest advancements in diagnosing, treating, and managing diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases, focusing on different types of diabetes and related cardiometabolic conditions.

Fasting and postprandial kidney haemodynamic effects of empagliflozin and linagliptin in mono- and combination therapy compared to gliclazide in overweight people with type 2 diabetes (RACELINES): A randomised, double-blind trial

We aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin and linagliptin in mono- and combination therapy compared to the initiation and intensification of SU-derivative gliclazide treatment on fasting and postprandial kidney haemodynamic function.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics Predict All-Cause Mortality in Diabetes: A Real-world Long-term Study

Investigate the association between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived glucose metrics and all-cause mortality in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D or T2D).

Oral Semaglutide in an East Asian Population With Overweight or Obesity, With or Without Type 2 Diabetes

Oral semaglutide may be an effective treatment for overweight or obesity and associated complications in East Asian individuals.

Efficacy and safety of combination therapy using SGLT2 and DPP4 inhibitors to treat type 2 diabetes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with focus on an Asian subpopulation

This updated meta-analysis investigates the efficacy and safety of combining sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is) in treating type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially in Asian subpopulations.

Cagrilintide–Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

In this phase 3a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 12 countries, we assigned adults with a body-mass index of 27 or more, a glycated hemoglobin level of 7 to 10%, and type 2 diabetes in a 3:1 ratio to receive once-weekly cagrilintide–semaglutide (2.4 mg each) or placebo, along with lifestyle intervention, for 68 weeks.

Orforglipron, an Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Early Type 2 Diabetes

In this phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned participants in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive orforglipron at one of three doses (3 mg, 12 mg, or 36 mg) or placebo once daily for 40 weeks.

Re-evaluating the concept of remission in type 2 diabetes: a call for patient-centric approaches

Herein, we assess current remission paradigms, emphasising the discordance among definitions and the need for approaches that better align with clinical realities and patient needs.

Overcoming Disparities in Using SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiorenal Protection in Persons With and Without Type 2 Diabetes

Finally, the review summarizes recent clinical trial findings on strategies that enhance the adoption of SGLT2i and other cardioprotective agents through a multifaceted approach, aiming to improve real-world adoption for patients with T2D and/or cardiovascular and kidney diseases.

Patient Adherence for Oral Combination Therapies in Diabetes Management: A Scoping Review

This scoping review aims to explore patient adherence to combination therapies in T2DM management.

Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, event-driven, superiority trial, we randomly assigned participants who were 50 years of age or older, had type 2 diabetes with a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.5 to 10.0%, and had known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, or both to receive either once-daily oral semaglutide (maximal dose, 14 mg) or placebo, in addition to standard care.

Network modeling approaches for metabolic diseases and diabetes

This research paper discusses the use of network modeling methods to study metabolic diseases, specifically inborn errors of metabolism, diabetes, and metabolism-related inflammation and autoimmune disorders. The main focus is on identifying causal agents and understanding the multifactorial mechanisms underlying these diseases. The paper also highlights the role of the gut microbiome in metabolic diseases, particularly in diabetes. However, there are limitations and gaps in current research that require further attention.

The association between serum high-density lipoprotein and hemoglobin A1c in T2DM: Evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional study in diabetic patients

This study found a U-shaped relationship between HDL and HbA1c levels in T2DM patients, with an inflection point at 59 mg/dl. Males with higher HDL are more likely to achieve glycemic control, while females show a U-shaped relationship. Further research is needed to understand this gender-specific correlation.

Correlation between platelet metrics and cardiovascular risk in prediabetes with coronary artery disease: A two-year cross-sectional study

This study found a strong correlation between platelet metrics and cardiovascular risk in prediabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Platelet indices can effectively predict the risk of CAD and can aid in early intervention planning for this high-risk group.

Anthropometric measures of obesity as risk indicators for prediabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis found that obesity, as measured by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist to height ratio (WHtR), is significantly associated with an increased risk of prediabetes. However, WC may be the best indicator for predicting prediabetes. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and determine the most effective way to measure obesity as a risk factor for prediabetes.

COVID-19-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Comprehensive Cellular and Molecular Mechanistic Insights

This research paper explores the relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus, highlighting the need for further investigation into the long-term effects of the virus on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The authors suggest regular screening for diabetes in high-risk populations with a history of COVID-19 infection and potential therapeutic interventions to prevent new-onset diabetes.

The pathophysiology of diabetic foot: a narrative review

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common and serious complication of diabetes, leading to disabilities, reduced quality of life, and high costs. The pathophysiology of DFUs involves metabolic dysfunction, diabetic immunopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and angiopathy, which can lead to infections and other complications. Understanding and addressing these factors can help prevent and manage DFUs more effectively.

Pathophysiology of Red Blood Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes and Its Complications

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that can lead to various complications, including anemia. Chronic hyperglycemia causes changes in red blood cells (RBCs) that make them more susceptible to being cleared from circulation. This review discusses the mechanisms behind these changes and their impact on microangiopathy in DM.

A Concerted Vision to Advance the Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

This research paper discusses the growing prevalence of immune-related diabetes mellitus (irDM) caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis). It proposes a two-pronged approach to advance knowledge and understanding of irDM, focusing on both the scientific and patient-centered aspects. The paper suggests a multidisciplinary effort to improve characterization, standardization, and treatment of irDM.

Changes in hyperglycaemia-related testing for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus management: a prospective, cross-sectional survey of 16 years of general practice data from Australia

This study examined 16 years of hyperglycaemia-related testing in Australia and found that the proportion of encounters for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes management has increased over time. GPs were influenced by changes in national insurance and clinical guidelines, but there was also evidence of "unendorsed" testing. This has significant resource implications and calls for an economic analysis to lower the risk threshold for prediabetes screening. Ongoing data is needed to inform clinical practice and policy in Australia.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, which constitutes nearly 90% of the 537 million diabetes cases globally, is rapidly increasing, particularly among children and young adults. The research emphasizes the importance of early detection and management to prevent complications, highlights the potential of precision medicine and novel therapies, and discusses the barriers to effectively addressing the diabetes epidemic.

Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Subcutaneous semaglutide is effective for weight loss in individuals with obesity without diabetes, achieving an average reduction of 11.85% from baseline compared to placebo. However, the treatment is associated with a higher risk of gastrointestinal adverse events, treatment discontinuation, and serious adverse event

Trends in the Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity in the United States, 1999–2018

The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (co-existence of ≥1 cardiometabolic diseases) in the U.S. has been increasing significantly from 1999 to 2018, with a prevalence of 14.4% in 2017-2018. This trend was observed in both genders, most age groups, and non-Hispanic White people. The most common patterns were hypertension and diabetes, hypertension, diabetes, and CHD, and hypertension and CHD. This highlights the growing concern of cardiometabolic multimorbidity as a public health issue in the U.S.

Association between cardiometabolic disease multimorbidity and all-cause mortality in 2 million women and men registered in UK general practices

This study examined the association between cardiometabolic diseases (MI, stroke, and diabetes) and all-cause mortality in 2 million patients. Results showed that having all three conditions increased the risk of mortality, but this excess risk was not significantly greater than expected from the individual diseases. The presence of other comorbidities also contributed to the excess mortality risks associated with cardiometabolic disease multimorbidity.

COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to clinical management

The research highlights the increased severity of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus, noting that hyperglycaemia may worsen outcomes by affecting immune responses. It suggests that insulin should be the primary treatment for managing acute glycaemia in these patients, while the effects of glucose-lowering medications like DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors remain uncertain. Further investigation into the management of diabetes in the context of COVID-19 is needed.

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