Diabetes

This research paper discusses the growing prevalence of immune-related diabetes mellitus (irDM) caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis). It proposes a two-pronged approach to advance knowledge and understanding of irDM, focusing on both the scientific and patient-centered aspects. The paper suggests a multidisciplinary effort to improve characterization, standardization, and treatment of irDM.

This study examined 16 years of hyperglycaemia-related testing in Australia and found that the proportion of encounters for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes management has increased over time. GPs were influenced by changes in national insurance and clinical guidelines, but there was also evidence of “unendorsed” testing. This has significant resource implications and calls for an economic analysis to lower the risk threshold for prediabetes screening. Ongoing data is needed to inform clinical practice and policy in Australia.

Type 2 diabetes, which constitutes nearly 90% of the 537 million diabetes cases globally, is rapidly increasing, particularly among children and young adults. The research emphasizes the importance of early detection and management to prevent complications, highlights the potential of precision medicine and novel therapies, and discusses the barriers to effectively addressing the diabetes epidemic.

Subcutaneous semaglutide is effective for weight loss in individuals with obesity without diabetes, achieving an average reduction of 11.85% from baseline compared to placebo. However, the treatment is associated with a higher risk of gastrointestinal adverse events, treatment discontinuation, and serious adverse event

The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (co-existence of ≥1 cardiometabolic diseases) in the U.S. has been increasing significantly from 1999 to 2018, with a prevalence of 14.4% in 2017-2018. This trend was observed in both genders, most age groups, and non-Hispanic White people. The most common patterns were hypertension and diabetes, hypertension, diabetes, and CHD, and hypertension and CHD. This highlights the growing concern of cardiometabolic multimorbidity as a public health issue in the U.S.

This study examined the association between cardiometabolic diseases (MI, stroke, and diabetes) and all-cause mortality in 2 million patients. Results showed that having all three conditions increased the risk of mortality, but this excess risk was not significantly greater than expected from the individual diseases. The presence of other comorbidities also contributed to the excess mortality risks associated with cardiometabolic disease multimorbidity.

The research highlights the increased severity of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus, noting that hyperglycaemia may worsen outcomes by affecting immune responses. It suggests that insulin should be the primary treatment for managing acute glycaemia in these patients, while the effects of glucose-lowering medications like DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors remain uncertain. Further investigation into the management of diabetes in the context of COVID-19 is needed.